Emergency Communications "Drop Teams"
The emergency communications organization you are a member of may have a special team that will travel to other areas of the state or country to render emergency communications assistance. These "Drop Teams" are composed of several very experienced radio operators who are equipped with special longterm personal and radio equipment caches of equipment, food and structures that allow the team to be placed anywhere to set up or support any agency during an emergency. They might be called upon to assist in the aftermath of a hurricane or earthquake. Another reason their support would be requested is in the case of a wide-area search and rescue operation. These operators are a special breed of communicators. They are all in good physical condition, have worked well as a team, know how to survive under "rustic" long term conditions and have constantly trained for this type of venture. Sometimes at least one or more of them will have a higher class license than technician class. This will allow them to set up HF, "high frequency", stations for long range communications. Drop teams have been very useful on islands that have been ravaged by hurricanes or areas that are not covered by vhf/uhf repeater service. Usually the only communications after a severe hurricane has been by amateur radio operators. Other teams have reported for duty during emergencies such as the search for space shuttle debris in Texas or a child lost in a national park. These are wide-range searches and involve many volunteers who may be out in rural areas for extended periods of time so it's a plus if they have camping skills. These teams are NOT people in charge of an emergency, rather they follow the orders and requests of the local emergency communications group or local officials. If you feel you would be a good candidate for this type of service, talk to your emergency communications group to learn more about becoming a member of a "Drop Team". I have included a detailed series about developing a jump team (from scratch) later in this book.
SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS:
Amateur radio operators are often called upon to join search and rescue efforts whenever someone is missing or when a search for someone or something over a widespread area is required. Most often, these events involve searching rural areas of the country. People getting lost in national parks need to be found quickly or they may suffer from dehydration or hypothermia. Usually you will be called up for activation by your emergency communications group who will have received a specific request to help. You'll report to a staging area and will be given grid maps that outline the search areas and the pattern to cover. Depending upon the situation, the total area to be searched could cover hundreds of square miles so you must be prepared to be out in the field for a long period of time. Camping type skills are required for larger rural searches.
Make sure you are prepared in case the weather turns colder or rain develops. You will be searching in teams with at least one radio operator in each team (you). Make sure you have all the area repeaters in your radio's memory and BRING THAT J POLE. Large coverage repeaters will be used and there may be several in use for this event so again, make sure you have them all in your radio. Bring plenty of water so you don't become part of the problem. Listen carefully to the search coordinator and your team leader as they probably have experience in this type of search. Someone in your group will hopefully be using a GPS unit so your exact location will always be known. While you are searching, remember that if you come across evidence, do exactly as you were instructed, whether it be marking the area or bagging the evidence.
FOLLOW ALL PROCEDURES. LISTEN TO THE ADVICE OF THOSE WHO HAVE DONE THIS BEORE AS EACH SEARCH WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE LAST AND FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE COUNTERY. Be prepared and wear comfortable shoes/boots as you will be hiking for a long period of time. If in really mountainous or wooded areas, dress for the part. It will not be a Sunday walk in the park. Be wary of snakes, spiders and scorpions. Bring your "go bag" as a backpack as this will make it easier to carry as you travel. Make sure you have enough battery power for both your radio and flashlights. Insect repellant and antihistamine (for insect bites) are two very important items to pack. BRING A COMPASS. BRING A COMPASS. BRING A COMPASS. DO NOT volunteer unless you can physically handle the assignment.
URBAN SEARCH TEAMS:
Not all search and rescue events will take place in rural areas. There may be times where your emergency communications group will be called out to search for a missing child or an elderly adult in an urban area. A citywide search requires just as much manpower and preparation as a rural search. Usually city searches will require many two-person teams. Knowledge of the area within a city is just as important as the knowledge of rural terrain. You must come prepared with maps that are sectioned off in grid search patterns much like in a rural search. In a citywide search there will be many more places to check per grid section than in a rural open terrain so it can make things much more difficult. Usually these grids are blocked in smaller sections than those in rural settings. This is due to the fact that building searches can take a long time and expend a great deal of physical energy. Hi-rise buildings with their many stories and malls with hundreds of stores are a search team's nightmare. Malls, with their many entrances and large parking areas, require several search teams. The only plus will be that you probably will be using one local repeater so you will never be out of range except for the short duration that you might be in a building which obscures your signal. Rural searches depend upon several repeaters and communications can be difficult.(So in a rural search don't forget that J pole) If your grid search area involves a mall, ballpark or some similar area, make sure that as soon as you enter the mall (or stadium, etc) you report straight to the security office and discuss your search with them. Remember that you are their guest so treat them with the proper respect. They will be a tremendous help. Leave with them any details or descriptions of the missing person and a photo (or one they can photo copy) if you can spare it. When you enter any large department store within the mall report to their store security office with the same goals in mind. You'll find them to be very helpful.
IN BOTH CASES, make sure you leave them a phone number to call if they should locate the missing person or need more information. Many eyes are better than a few, so depend upon their assistance. Another possible place to encounter a missing person within a mall, especially an adult with Alzheimer's, is the "food court" area. This is a familiar looking place that they probably have been to many times before. Alzheimer's patients look for familiar places so make a through search there. There are also security services that monitor the larger buildings within a city so do the same contact procedure with any security personnel you may encounter. Make sure that you inspect any area within a store or building that a missing person may be in. This includes all elevators, ALL men's and women's rest rooms, break rooms, loading and storage areas, dumpsters and closets. If you are not allowed in some of these areas have the store personnel check them. A confused or elderly person might easily wander into any of these areas and may go unnoticed by security.
A Kid’s Gotta Eat
We found one missing person just sitting in a library reading a book, so never rule out the obvious. Runaways tend to gravitate towards friends homes and malls so at any point they may also show up in those "food court" areas (a kid's gotta eat). If you locate a missing child in an urban environment and they are with an adult, it is NOT your responsibility to physically "rescue" the child. Since child abduction is a growing problem, and most times the child may be taken by another family member because of some dispute, you need to use your radio to contact the net control operator and tell them of the exact location of the child, a description of the adult and any additional information net control may request. Net control will then inform the police of the location of the child. Keep a very close eye on the child until the police arrive to question both the adult and the child. (You might also have a case of mistaken identity with the child in question. Most police department personnel have had extensive training in dealing with child abduction cases, identification and rescue.)
TO CLICK OR NOT TO CLICK:
We all like to document amateur radio's involvement in both public service events and during emergencies by taking photographs. If you are at a post during a public service event, there is no harm in taking a few pictures as long as they do not focus on one person. "Crowd scenes" that give an overall view of the public service event and your communications operation are fine. Have someone take a picture or two of you in action with radio in hand and the event in the background. During an emergency it is another story completely. DO NOT take pictures in any shelter or at any event scene. When I was deployed at the incident command center (at "ground zero") during the World Trade Center disaster my "disposable" camera remained in my go bag during the entire event. If instructed by the officials in charge of a search and rescue operation you may take photos within their guidelines. Again, NO pictures of shelter clients. Leave those to the press. There are both legal and moral issues involved. We are there only to show our communications support. Taking pictures of people at a shelter only capitalizes on their plight. You can, however, take a picture of your station setup (with you in an operating pose) at a shelter as long as no clients are in the picture. This type of photo will be welcomed when your organization talks to served agencies about our support.
Terrorist Event Preparation
Before I discuss, in terms of equipment, preparation for supporting emergency communications during a terrorist event, I wish to talk about mental and emotional preparedness for such disasters:
Mental preparedness is just as important as proper communications training. Most amateur radio operators can learn how to properly use a radio or be taught to set up a communications post when deployed during a natural disaster such as a hurricane or manning a shelter due to flooding. However, we must remember that during a terrorist event it is quite a different matter. When there is a hurricane, it is easier to track the hurricane's path and predict what might lay ahead. We can set ourselves mentally and emotionally for what may happen during a natural disaster. The same cannot be said during a terrorist incursion. The first terrorist event quite possibly may lead to other strikes in ways which cannot be readily forseen. When we are asked to deploy, will the information we are given be accurate? There have been greater instances of mis-reporting during terrorist attacks, both here and abroad, than the reporting of efficient, true facts. Facts that we would need to know and work with to in order to complete our communications obligations and at the same time have our emotions in check.
The one event I have spoken about before involves a "one-point" terrorist act that evolves into a "multidimensional event". These are disasters that trigger or combine with weaknesses within an existing area that will result in a "super event". An example of a super event that might occur is if due to a terrorist attack on a commerical jetliner we are called out for the possibility of a crash at or near a local airport. So, we prepare mentally, emotionally and equipment procurement with the idea that our deployment would be for an event not unlike a crash due to equipment malfunction. Fire Departments and Rescue groups train for this type of crash all the time. However, let's say that this plane crashes during an emergency landing at San Antonio Airport in Texas. Depending upon it's direction and altitude, during such a crash it might clip or hit the chemical tanker cars that Union Pacific routinely has parked on it's tracks which parallel along Wetmore Avenue and are adjacent to the airport. I have read some of the chemicals in these tankers. Their contents are very scary. Let's say the plane attempts a landing but crashes into these tankers releasing their contents. The plane, as it crashes, continues another 300 feet. At that point it might hit the aviation fuel stored in large tanks at the outer perimeter of the airport where other planes (delivery services, etc.) are also parked. So, in this one terrorist crash event the plane ruptures dangerous chemicals from the tanker cars, hits the volatile aviation fuel and sparks a tremendous fireball that ejects toxic fumes from the chemicals into the air. This "super event" would mean the evacuation of tens of thousands of nearby residents and businesses.
Without the mental toughness to perform and improvise under such changing and stressful situations, you could easily withdraw into an "emotional shell" and become shut off from what needs to be done. If this happens, it would cripple your ability to be an effective communicator. You need to remain calm and focused even when parameters change. In remaining calm and acting as a communications professional it will make those around you feel more secure in the outcome and even in how they perform their tasks.
I repeat: Always remember that during a terrorist event, the emphasis on a particular priority might quickly shift to another level, pace or place. As another, but this time true example: During the WTC disaster at "Ground Zero", we were in the midst of what would have been called a search and rescue operation, at the same time wary that an additional terrorist strike might take place. This induced a double-edged stress level. Then, the situation changed because it was determined that there was a hazmat threat caused by all the chemicals discharged when the buildings fell, such as hundreds of gallons of battery acid and tons of freon, etc. The situation might become even more amplified due to the possibility of these chemicals combining to form even more lethal compounds such as mustard gas. This quickly added to our already high stress level. Still another threat was also revealed a bit later when it was discovered that one of the buildings housed medical waste so there were bio-toxins that could have easily been released in the air by the fires within the building. Again, another stressful situation piled on top of the basic operational stress. As you can see, emergency operations can easily shift to a different level and with that change so would you in order to meet the extreme needs of the mushrooming event. Prepare to be flexible. Think ahead. Could you re-deploy quickly to another location? Would you have enough supplies and equipment to cover any additional needs? Are you able to fight off the increased pressure to do your job in the midst of changing events?
Dealing with, and working through, these additional threats can test the metal of us all. (By the way, many of us who were deployed at "Ground Zero" during that time have since developed what is being called "WTC Cough" which was an unforseen effect from breathing in the dust particles at the site.) However, do not expect such an involved event to be thurst upon you should the unlikely possibility occur that you are asked to deploy for a terrorist event. Also, be aware that usually terrorist events are spotty at best and not wide-scale due to the limited resources of terrorists and the limited number of "followers", but it can happen. And how does one cope during any terrorist act and at the same time supply emergency communications support?
No one can give you a present of "mental toughness" nor can all of us be expected to face the full impact in the aftermath of a terrorist attack along with it's endless combinations of additional evolving complexities. To be faced with a terrorist event means the possibility, although very slim, of seeing destruction close up and often mentally equating the victim's plight to the possible plight of our own family and friends. The temptation to personalize this type of tragedy must be avoided at all costs. Do not waiver from the reason you are there: Supplying communications as part of a team that is responding to the event. Focus on radio and the important job you are preforming and not the sorrow. Try as hard as you can to direct your emotional energies towards doing your communications job as best as you can.
There are several ways to do this. One is to envoke the idea that this is actually a drill and that your skills are being tested. Another is to make a test of yourself by using a "personal points" approach. Give yourself mental points for each communications and direct communications-based observation you have properly made in an attempt to reach 100. This redirects your thoughts away from the ugliness and more towards your communications duties. Another way is to observe what others are doing and see how they are handling the situation. When positive things happen at the site, such as a rescue, rejoice in the fact that one more soul was saved and one more family, whom you will never meet, were also saved from permanent heartache. Not to be disrespectful, but sometimes even "breaking the mental ice" is needed by an occasional joke as long as it isn't event related. At the Incident Command Center during the WTC disaster, I was surrounded by police and rescue workers. When I spied a tray of donuts at the food area, out came my jokes about "cops and donuts". The police at the scene laughed at my comments. It helped release their stress and my own. Changing "mental gears" in this fashion will help you weather your deployment. Make sure that when you take a break at your deployment area that you have a book to read or crossword puzzles to attempt. Remind yourself that you have relatives and friends back at home who love you and will support you after your deployment is completed. Quite often the cure of any depression caused by a terrorist event is the release to your family and friends. By relating what you went through in the fulfillment of your communications duties you will unburden yourself and educate your family about what really transpired.
There is a very small, yet distinct possibility of seeing human remains in all types of degradation, such as those witnessed by rescue crews during a plane crash, especially if your deployment takes you to the triage area or incident command post. This does not mean that you will be charged with any responsibility of victim removal, but you may be faced with seeing this happen as you fulfill your communications duties. Some of us cannot tolerate such scenes. This won't be a television show. It will be real life with real victims. Many emergency service people, such as fire/rescue, have learned to work beyond what they see towards a goal of helping those who might still be able to be saved. These are your neighbors whom you are helping. Your community and country thank you as they will benefit from your efforts.
Let's get away from developing scenarios about terrorism or listening to those who have. There are too many that are being thrown around by people who have no right to do so and no idea of what they are talking about. These are usually generated from the news sources whom are what I call "media terrorists". They want to sell papers or have you glued to the radio or television and will drag in any so-called expert to do so. Most of their reporting belongs more on a science fiction program rather than a news program. The actual facts about terrorism tend to be very boring and simple. One involves chemical or biological terrorism. If a terrorist wanted to kill tens of thousands of people, then chemical or biological attacks would not be the way to go. Any event involving either biological or chemical agents would require more money, manpower and product than any terrorist group can obtain for the results as theorized by "experts". As an example, the terrorist attack on the subway in Japan a few years ago was meant to kill thousands. It did not. And part of this plan was developed by chemical terrorist experts. Biological and chemical agents have either a short active lifespan, a small effective range or must be emitted in great quantities within a small, closed environment. Subway tunnels are designed to breathe. The ventilation system passes many more cubic feet of air than you might imagine. When someone on TV states that one drop of this or that could kill thousands, he is spouting theoretical jabber and not actual facts. These bio-chemical toxins normally won't work when it's freezing, they don't last long in hot weather and wind will spread it so thin it will lose it's effectiveness. You also have to either get it directly on you or inhale it for it to do any harm, so the best defense is to get out into the fresh air and wash any area exposed.
So, now let's go back to that original WTC "Ground Zero" problem. It is now quite obvious that the only people who might have become ill due to the rogue chemicals combining and becoming airborne were those who were in very close proximity (within 100 feet or so) if toxic compounds or gases had been uncovered. Just the fact of being several hundred feet away, most of us were not in danger. If we had known that, then our stress would not have been as great. We were ill informed during the event. Had some of us known the real conditions, that the possible exposure area was very small, then people would have not been scurrying around looking for full face masks and could have done a better job by not fearing. Instead, ill informed by "experts" at the scene when we were told poison gas could quickly cover several city blocks, we feared.
Let me give you one line about the anthrax scare right after 9/11:
During the period in which one person died each week from anthrax, about 400 times that amount died from flu-related ailments around the country. Again, too much press giving too much wrong information in order to get you to buy their newspapers.
OK, a few more words about anthrax: Forget all the theories spouted by would-be experts and look at some cold, hard facts. Things that really did happen. During the "cold war days" there was an accident at a bioweapons plant in a place called Sverdlovsk (since re-named Ekaterinburg) USSR in 1979. This represented a release of hundreds of millions of anthrax spores into the air. More than any terrorist group could ever wish to obtain. Even though the local population was not notified, out of a city of over ONE MILLION only 66 people died. These were mainly plant workers. And this was at a location that made the stuff, no where near a place where most of us live. Many studies have shown that large amounts of anthrax must be inhaled for someone to become infected. Once the anthrax spores have been released into the air they do become a threat, especially if they are in a building with a closed ventilation system. If you are ever in a building that has been threatened by some anthrax scare, if you can't evacuate the building as soon as possible such as due to a power outage that stops elevators, open every window even if you have to break them. Out in the open air anthrax spores follow a very narrow path in the direction the wind is blowing. Once they hit the ground they stay there and are no longer a threat to being inhaled. So as a wide-scale terror weapon they fall far short of actually infecting a large population.
Terrorism is meant to disrupt, not kill. It is meant to make us feel vunerable. It is the irresponsible reporting and rumors that actually develops fear within us. When we are better informed, we fear less. And when we fear less, we can do our job more effectively.
Equipment Preparation For A Terrorist Event
I am going to discuss a slightly different concept when you are deploying for emergency communications support during a terrorist event. In part 2 of this series, under section 7, I detailed items you should have during a deployment during a natural disaster ("What To Have Before You Go") and why each item is needed. It was a lot of "stuff"! Your equipment needs during a terrorist event will be almost identical to those listed. Almost. The biggest exception will involve "deployability". Up until the World Trade Disaster, it was very easy most of the time to quickly deploy using your car by merely driving to your site, parking and getting half the world out of your car to set a station up. Since that time, however, things have changed.
Due to the nature of terrorism it has become much more difficult to deploy by bringing in so much gear or even driving up to some sites in a car. There may be a security perimeter around your deployment area which will prevent you from driving too close to your duty site. This, of course, is if you are asked to deploy at a forward post and not at an evacuation center set up at some school. You might even have to travel to your duty site using transportation specifically designated, as was the case during the World Trade Center disaster when we were deployed using white unmarked vans. If either be the case, and you cannot use your own vehicle to deploy close to your duty site, you must make a determination of what basic items you will need to bring and what might have to be left in your car. If you've carefully read what to bring during a natural disaster you'll agree that there's not enough space to store all the gear and personal items listed into a back pack, hike it on your back and walk a distance to reach your post. And some of the items are not necessary. An example: Why bring flat fixer when you are being transported to your post by another vehicle?
Most of us probably use a large plastic storage bin, with a snap on cover, with the idea being that we can simply load it into the trunk of our car and off we'd go. (Don't forget to have a small, fold up rolling hand cart as it may be a ways to transport your bin to that evac shelter) Well, this "storage bin principle" still remains a feasible idea in most cases. HOWEVER, we need to do one more very important thing which for most will be a new concept. Let's regress to the "back pack" idea and adapt it. What you need to do is section off your plastic storage bin using a LARGE back pack that will act as a divider. Place into the back pack just the very basic equipment and items that you think you'll need during a terrorist event deployment. The other items (secondary items such as that flat fixer, etc) should be stored outside of the back pack, but still in the bin. This way, if you find yourself going to a deployment post which suddenly prohibits you from driving directly to the site you can slip that back pack out of the bin and you are set to go! This enables you to have a quicker deployment than having to stand there and choose what to bring and what to leave behind. Remember that you may have to hike a bit to get to a post, so don't over do it with what you feel you need to bring.
Ok, so what should go in that large back pack?
Mind you, this is when you need to deploy with only what you can carry!
Don't forget any IDs and your ham license.
(Deploying to an evac shelter will probably be the same as deploying during a natural disaster, the list below will be if you need to deploy closer to "harm's way")
DO OR DIE ITEMS:
These are items you need to first consider when packing your equipment and supplies.
1. A high visibility vest (orange) (If you deploy to an area that has limited visibility due to time of day, weather or dust, you'll want to be seen)
2. A particulate respirator (full face, including your eyes) for events which might expose you to ash, etc. as during a heavy wildfire if you deploy close to the fireline. Purchase one that makes a good seal around your face. I like to use petroleum jelly around the seal. This allows it to bond better around your face. Usually you will not need this, BUT, you should have it with you.
3. A chemical/biological full face respirator for terrorist events in case you are deployed close to the incident (wind direction does change) Purchase one that makes a good seal around your face. I use a NATO approved full head mask. Usually you will not need this, BUT, you should have it with you in case your tour is changed and you find yourself deployed very close to the incident.
4. A zip-up nylon wind breaker with a hood. Again, you may never use this but you need to have it. This offers quick protection should winds change and you find yourself in the "down wind" area.
5. Communications Equipment:
Depending upon the event and what your wallet will allow, it's good to have and be fully experienced in deploying: A "high power" (5 watts or more) Two Meter HT with a gain whip antenna (over 15 inches long) and a roll up "J Pole" antenna with cable and adapter. Bring enough power, in the form of batteries, to operate up to 3 full days without worrying about either recharging or replacement. Gel batteries, 7ah or greater, do a great job. Make sure they are fused and you have the proper cord to plug them into your radio. Bring extra fuses. Also have a charger (wall wart) for them. Just to make sure (if you are lucky enough to be able to operate from an area where you can plug into your car) bring that mobile radio, fuses and a GOOD mag-mount antenna. You also might wish to check out: "Telescoping J HYPERLINK "/alonestaryank/selfj.html"Pole For Emergency Use" OR better yet, my newest "W2IK VHF/UHF Deployable Antenna System" which stores in a tube that is light and under 48 inches, yet deploys to 16 feet! If you know you will be deployed at a location which has AC power, such as at an evac shelter, bring that mobile radio, light weight switching power supply (with spare fuses) and a roll up J pole antenna.
Changing Power Configurations
At the start of any event, it may be a while before generators or AC power can be bought into a forward location such as a triage area or the incident command center. If conditions change your net control op should be notified so that if relief communicators are deployed to your location they bring the right equipment. Usually this will mean that there will no longer be a need to depend upon battery power. As with all your radios, bring a copy of either it's operations manual or a "cheat card" which lists in simple steps how to program your rig. You might also wish to include a speaker mic with your HT. Make sure you have a complete listing of whatever frequencies/off sets/tones you will be using during your deployment.
Here is a list of other items that you should include in your "go-bag" back pack. All are important:
1. a simple first aid kit
2. your own prescription and non-prescription medication (for headache and pain relief, I use ORUDIS KT, found next to the aspirin at drug stores) Antihistamine for allergic reactions. (Have at least 3 days supply of your prescription meds)
3. throat lozenges and mints or gum
4. reading glasses (if you need them)
5. several pens and markers
6. a lighter
7. "handi-wipes" or "baby wipes" a medium size plastic re-sealable box (I would have killed for this when I was constantly being covered in dust at WTC "Ground Zero")
8. insect repellent (either a small spray or wipes)
9. "power bars" (at least 10) and other food items such as a few MREs - these can usually be bought at either a decent camping supply store or online.
10. bottled water (6) /juice
11. salty snacks (especially in hot weather)
12. toilet items, including toilet paper (if you forget this, you'll regret it)
13. extra appropriate clothing for the time of year (including hats)
14. rain parkas (either bright yellow or orange.. one time use that can be discarded)
15. a local map (don't depend on your EMCOMM group to supply enough for everyone)
16. work gloves
17. at least 4 pairs, maybe more, of disposable gloves (latex type)
18. chapstick - not only for dry lips, but also to protect them against any particulates
19. collapsible cup (keep this wrapped in plastic until needed)
20. flashlight with spare batteries
21. watch or clock (I use either a pocket watch or small travel clock because if you deploy at a location where there are particulates in the air you don't want them irritating you if they get between your wrist watch and your skin)
22. duct tape--- You'll use this
23. Electrical Tape
24. Extension power cord (medium duty, at least 25 feet)
25. Asst. hand tools (a mini-VOM would be nice)
26. Swiss-Army type knife
27. Cash for pay phone or to buy additional items at a local store if possible
28. A deck of playing cards (trust me) or puzzles or a good book
29. Trash bags (these can be used to protect gear, personnel and for trash)
30. Several small, clear plastic "zip-lock bags" (putting your HT in one will allow you to operate in the rain without fear of it being damaged)
31. A medium spiral-bound note book, such as a steno pad, so you can document info and messages sent with a time/date next to each. VERY IMPORTANT! Spiral bound so the pages will be kept intact for future reference.
32. Eye protection in the form of goggles such as those used by tradesmen
Make sure that at the end of your deployment you replace any expendable items you might have used. (water, MREs, power bars, meds, etc) This way you will be ready to re-deploy should they require your skills at another location during the event. If you used an HT with battery power, make sure that your battery sources are recharged. Make any corrections to your collection based upon what you might have learned during your first deployment.
ALSO MAKE SURE THAT YOU INFORM YOUR GROUP OF ANY SPECIAL NEEDS OR SITE PROBLEMS SO YOUR REPLACEMENT CAN PROPERLY DEPLOY WITHOUT RUNNING INTO THOSE SAME PROBLEMS.
COPING WITH THE UNEXPECTED
As much as we'd like to think we are trained and prepared for any emergency which might require our communications skills, there will be times that test both the limits of our knowledge and equipment capabilities. When this happens, we either adapt or fail.
When you deploy to even a "simple site", such as an evacuation center which was opened due to a hurricane, you'll need to not only find a location to set up your station, but you'll also need to make plans should your initial area become unusable such as if a window breaks or flooding makes it impossible to use. So it would be wise to inspect the building for a secondary location. Try to find such a location which requires little change in your station set up. By this I mean you should find another spot which will allow the easiest erection of your antenna and still remain close to where you are needed.
When I was deployed at WTC "Ground Zero" I had to set up my station on the third floor of the building being used as the Incident Command Center. This was not by my choice, but by necessity. The street level was in an area which we call an "rf hole" because all of the metal buildings surrounding the area impeded signals at such a low elevation. The second floor was being used as a debriefing area. Although I hated my location, it was the only close area which I deemed usable. You probably won't be faced with this type of hardship when you deploy. It is merely an example of to what lengths you might have to go to get your signal out. In retrospect, if I had a long run of coax it would have made a world of difference as I could have had my radio down on the first floor with my antenna on the third level. If I ever have another "downtown" city deployment, I'll remember to bring that extra run of cable. I suggest you do the same.
Going back to that evac center you'll probably man during a natural disaster... Usually you'll be located in either a church or a school gym. Gyms are notorious for blocking signals due to the metal within the framework and the metal roof. This is why that roll up "J Pole" antenna becomes so important. In the beginning of an event, you might deploy to a school and locate in their gym. You might also find that your HT with that 17 inch antenna works just fine to get you to the repeater your group is using. BUT, what happens if that repeater goes "off line" due to a lightening hit, power surge or loss of power? Would you be able to hit that backup repeater, or even communicate using simplex, with that HT alone or would you need a better system? This is where that "J Pole" comes in handy. It will save you an embarrassing moment when you lose communications and can't quickly get back on the air. So, while you are in that evac center, it would be wise if you made mental plans on where to hang that "J Pole" (away from metal frames, etc) should the need arise when you need to switch antennas. The more professional we handle a situation the better amateur radio looks to the public and those groups we support.
So now we have covered a basic concept regarding antennas and getting your signal out should conditions change. So, what else could go wrong? The next biggest problem would be maintaining adequate power to operate your station. Don't think that there will always being AC power at any location. Let's face it, if there were we'd probably not be needed as the phones would work as well as the lights. However, at any moment power might be disrupted plunging your center into darkness. Usually there are emergency lighting systems that would kick in and supply limited illumination. But what about that radio of yours? You might have only a mobile-type two meter radio which you'd be using along with a power supply. Well, when the power goes out, so would your radio. Did you bring any backup system? What if you are in a fringe area and although your 50 watt radio worked well you can't raise a peep with your backup 5 watt HT even with a "J Pole". You have two choices, one of them is NOT an option. Not matter what, you CAN NOT leave your post. The one remaining choice is to get power from some other source.
There are several ways to accomplish this. One would be to park your car as close to the building as possible, even if you have to park on a sidewalk near the building, and operate from your vehicle. After all, this is an emergency situation. (If you use this option, make sure you tell net control and your shelter manager of your changed situation and that you will be making frequent "trips".) Another way would be to run a short DC cable off of your or someone else's vehicle and run it into the building through a window or door. Make sure that the line is fused close to the battery and that the wires don't get pinched. This isn't the best option as you could run into problems with your radio shutting down due to a power drop from running a long DC cable. Still another alternative is that hopefully the building you are in has a limited capacity generator that you can mooch power from. So, depending upon which tactic you decide to use, you'd need a long, fused, DC cable or an extension cord to get you back on the air. But wait! There is another simple option: Bring with you to your deployment location a deep cycle marine battery that can be taken out of the trunk of your car and placed into service should there be a loss of power. Just don't give up. Find a way to get back on the air!
Tactics and Techniques
OK, so now you have some ideas about what to do should you lose power or signal conditions change. What else can happen during a deployment? Here is something that actually happened a few years ago: I was called out and asked to deploy at an elementary school to supply communications during a wildfire event. It was a small school so the center was a bit crowded. I found a place to set up my station in an office right near the lunch room which was where the evacuees stayed. No sooner did I get my station running and report in to the net control op when I got instructions for the shelter manager. We had to evacuate the evacuation shelter because the fires had changed direction and were coming toward us! When I informed the shelter manager she became locked in a state of panic! Having been a Red Cross shelter manager myself, I looked on my trusty local map that I had with me and suggested that since there was an agreement between this school district and Red Cross that the shelter be relocated to the high school a few miles away and very much out of harm's way. Note that I only suggested, since it wasn't my call. All I did was remain flexible enough to offer another location that I knew would fit the bill. She agreed and within several minutes the evacuation took place without any problems. Being "last out", I did put very large signs on the doors to the school posting the new shelter location. By doing all of this I increased the worth of our group as a support function. By giving an option, instead of just being a "radio hugger", the situation was easily resolved. By this example, let it be a reminder that you should seek options before any changing event becomes critical. In this way you become a more valuable asset both to your group and your community.
Thinking on your feet beyond your training
Sometimes your worth is in your ability to improvise beyond communications. Such a challenge confronted one shelter I was assigned to following the first several days of the World Trade Center disaster. When I volunteered for redeployment I was placed at a shelter in midtown Manhatten to supply communications on behalf of the Red Cross. In the midst of my duty, and by the lack of support by the Red Cross, this shelter had a problem with towels. Yes, towels. There were many stranded people who couldn't fly out of the airport and were being housed at several shelters. They wanted to wash/shower at this shelter as it was the gym complex in a high school. However, they soon ran out of towels to do so and all the requests that I relayed went unfulfilled. The situation became increasingly tense. So much that it was suggested that we pool our resources, AKA money, and have a Red Cross volunteer take the dirty towels to a Laundromat. This idea was rejected by the shelter manager for reasons I do not question as the shelter manager is the site "boss". When I had arrived at this location I took a mental stock of what was on hand. There were many things which had been donated to make life easier for the clients. (I say "clients" because they weren't really evacuees and besides this is what Red Cross calls any person seeking aid or shelter.) I saw that one local hotel had donated bathrobes and these robes were made out of terrycloth, the same as towels. I suggested that if they wanted to shower they could dry off using these robes as towels. The shelter manager agreed. Another problem solved due to "on site resource redirection".
A number of years ago I was airlifted via National Guard helicopter to supply emergency communications out of a medium size town in upstate New York. They had been cut off in every way from the outside world due to an ice storm. Talk about improvising! Talk about pressure! I was lucky enough to find some very helpful people who went out of their way to make sure my communications deployment was successful. We took turns siphoning fuel from trucks so the two generators could be kept running to supply lights, power to run the boiler system for heat and radio power at the local school which acted as a shelter and gathering place where news could be disseminated. Many of the local homes had wood stoves or fireplaces for heat, but there were some that did not and although many who didn't were invited into neighbor's homes, some opted to stay at the shelter. Since many people were hanging out in the area outside the school, I even suggested that if we had some empty 55 gallon drums we could get some heat from wood burning just like I'd seen in depression movies.(outdoors, of course) A few minutes later several drums were there, in place, fueled and lit. Neighbors who hadn't seen or talked to each other in a while were standing around these lit barrels trading stories and getting caught up on "local news". It made everyone feel as if it were one big winter block party! Everyone in the town contributed what they could to help their neighbors weather this event. I kept in constant contact, via 40 meters, to the state capitol, giving them updates, requests and getting news and answers to questions. After almost a week, the roads were again open but through it all I improvised whenever there was a problem which needed a solution.
Purists will say that you should be a communicator only. What nonsense. If you have what you would consider a valid suggestion which ranges beyond your communications duties I say bring up that suggestion in a friendly manner which conveys the feeling to others that "we are all in this together". However, it's not your call to make the decision. Don't interfere with the operations of any duty site, just point out possible options which might have been overlooked. During the stress of an event sometimes people in-charge are thinking about too many things to see that there might be a simple solution to a problem. Ever hear of the "Ferme Method"? This is basically a method by which a complex problem can usually be solved by breaking it down into smaller more manageable problems. In other words something which seems insurmountable can be taken care of by taking smaller steps towards reaching that larger goal.
FAMILY PREPAREDNESS
FAMILY - YOUR FIRST RESPONSIBILITY
EVERY FAMILY NEEDS TO READ THIS WEBPAGE
During an emergency, it is vital that your complete focus be on any task at hand. Before you should even consider becoming involved in emergency response, or if your business takes you away from where you live, you must make sure that your family can function at home without you. If this is not the case, if your family can not be comfortable without your support, you might be more concerned about your family's welfare back at home and this worry might cause undue stress if you are away on business or it might effect your ability to properly carry out your emergency duties.. The term "family first" is very important.
First, in order to allow greater security you must develop for your family what I call a "home bag". A "home bag" is a collection of items that your family might need to help them through an emergency situation while you are away. It will also make things easier when you are home with them. You must always bear in mind that a small, local event, such as a wildfire or river flooding, might easily expand and encompass a greater area lasting for a longer period of time. If you are away on an assignment, or just out of town, and your family has the proper supplies, information and family training, it will make your absence less stressful because you know they will be better prepared.
YOUR FAMILY'S "HOME BAG"
Some of the items I'd suggest you include in such a "home bag" collection are:
duct tape , at least two rolls. Duct tape has many uses from sealing things you wish to protect to preventing windows from shattering during a violent storm. You should tape a large "X" on each large window pane. Obtain several flashlights to use just for your homebag. (Nothing is worse than a flashlight with dead batteries because you used the light for everyday use.) I like using portable (camping) fluorescent lights because they use less energy for the amount of light they produce so their batteries will last longer. There is also an LED-type flashlight that recharges when you shake it. You can get either of these in the sporting goods department of any large store. Be sure to include several changes of batteries for each flashlight. (Buy them fresh, keep them stored in plastic bags in the event they leak. That stuff about freezing batteries so they'll last a lot longer is nonsense because the moisture condensation on the refrigerated batteries will form a small discharge circuit between the terminals) You will also need enough bottled water for at least 5 days, a battery-operated AM/FM radio with extra batteries, a roll of heavy plastic sheathing that you can cut and apply to any window area that does break, a heavy-duty staple gun with extra staples, canned or jarred food that needs no heating such as canned fruits, powdered milk, other non-perishable food such as "power bars", candles (use with extreme care and never unattended), a lighter and several boxes or books of matches, a disposable rain poncho for each family member (brightly colored so you can be seen in the dark by on-coming cars if your vehicle breaks down and you have to walk), basic hand tools such as a hammer, cutters etc, prescription and non-prescription medication (enough for 5-7 days), cash, in case your family needs to buy additional supplies and ATMs are defunct, a decent first-aid kit, a note pad (large spiral type), pens and markers, a battery powered digital clock , three rolls of 1000 sheet single ply toilet tissue and any supplies/food and food bowl/leashes for your pet.
Review the items you have collected with your family. There may be other items they might wish to include that will make them feel more secure. Perhaps a deck of cards or some games should be included in the event they have to evacuate to a shelter. The time spent in a shelter can be long and boring. They might need a book or cards to take their minds off what they think might be transpiring back at home. We call these things "comfort items" and they can go a long way in relieving some of the stress your family might experience.A list of contact phone numbers of other family members or friends. A local area and state map.
A REVIEW LIST OF "HOME BAG" ITEMS:
see above text for details on each item
duct tape
several flashlights with several changes of batteries
bottled water for at least 5 days
battery-operated AM/FM radio
heavy plastic sheathing
heavy-duty staple gun
canned or jarred food
powdered milk
"power bars"
candles
lighter or books of matches
rain poncho for each family member
hand tools
prescription and non-prescription medication
cash
first-aid kit
note pad with pens and markers
battery powered digital clock
toilet tissue
any supplies/food and food bowl/leashes for your pet
deck of cards
comfort items
a list of contact phone numbers
local area and state map
YOUR NEXT STEP
Each member of your family should also have on them at all times a list of phone numbers of friends, relatives and phone numbers of your local Red Cross, Salvation Army, and fire, police and rescue numbers along with quarters to use a pay phone. Develop a sequential list of places to stay (shelter) if the need should arise that they have to evacuate from your home. Also, you should plan an additional place to meet if an emergency develops in your area and you are located elsewhere and are unable to get home. This might be a relative's home or a friend who lives nearby, but not in your area. In the event of possible flooding, such as may be the case during a hurricane, severe spring thaw or a series of intense storms, make sure that each location you choose is above any flood range and can be reached without having to drive through any low-lying areas. Plan such a route and practice driving it. Make sure that your family's vehicle always has at least a half tank of gas AND that all adult members of your family know how to change a flat tire. Always keep a can of heavy-duty "flat fixer" in the trunk of your vehicle. Store both a local area and state map in the glove compartment and in your "home bag" so your family can locate any shelter, or home, if their own evacuation needs to take place. Buy and keep in your car a decent set of jumper cables and teach your family how to properly use them.
DON'T BECOME A VICTIM
(In more ways than one)
IF THE NEED TO EVACUATE SHOULD OCCUR, MAKE SURE THAT YOUR FAMILY KNOWS TO TAKE THEIR "HOME BAG" WITH THEM. They will need it. If they have to leave, make sure they lock up their house as tightly as they can and leave at least one light and a radio on (if you have power). Make sure they leave a note, IN A CONCEALED LOCATION that only family members know, so if any of your family returns home they know where the other family members are located. By keeping it in a concealed location, it will reduce the risk of any robbers spending a longer amount of time ransacking your home. If they think you are just down the street, when they hear a radio on, they might pass your house by. If they know you are in an evacuation center by reading some note you left on the fridge.... it's "Christmas time" for them. There are, I am sad to say, people out there who prey upon families during disasters. Not to sound commercial, but GE sells a good, self-contained motion sensing alarm system that is keypad controlled. It uses 4 "AA" batteries so no need to worry about power outages when you aren't home. It emits a VERY loud siren that will chase anyone out of your empty home. It sells for about 25 dollars and is well worth it. (GE "SmartHome" Keypad Controlled Motion Sensing Alarm) Mount the alarm eye-level on the first floor in a major "traffic area" such as the living room or hallway. Test it once a month.
During an emergency, teach your family that no matter how frightened they might become not to fall for "srories" that might be told to them by strangers. There have been cases where people try to persuade family members to give their home address so they can "drive by" and make sure your house is intact. What they really intend on doing is to rob your home, knowing that no one is there. Never give your keys, address or phone number out to anyone. The only exception is giving your name to verified emergency personnel at the shelter. And even then, use common sense. The Red Cross is covered by law and will NOT give any information to anyone, even the police. If your family does go to a shelter make sure that even their "small talk" with strangers doesn't lead a path back to harm them or their property. Also tell them never to give another person at a shelter medication, not even an aspirin. That is called "dispensing medication" and only a registered nurse or doctor can do that. Don't open yourself up for a lawsuit. If you do decide to go to a shelter, keep an eye on your children. It usually is a public place, such as a school, so they eventually will have to use the public restrooms. Make sure they don't go alone. Escort them AFTER asking a shelter worker to watch your personal items. Keep your valuables and keys with you at all times.
We are fortunate to live in a country that quickly rebounds from disaster so most of the time things will quickly return to normal. If there are children in your family it might be a good idea if the adult of the family group that is evacuating tries to make it appear as if it's either an "adventure" or a mini-vacation. In doing so it will help keep the children calm. Make time before you evacuate to have your children pick out their favorite toy or stuffed animal to bring with them. Some children feel more secure if they sleep on their own pillow, so bring them. Make sure you also bring changes of clothing, packed in a suitcase. This will lend to the illusion that you are going on a "vacation" and your children will be less stressed. (Don't forget the coloring books and crayons! And by the way, you might find coloring as good therapy for yourself.)
FAMILY TRAINING
You might also want to do some simple training with your family, such as taking them through the steps of covering a window with plastic sheathing and stapling it in place. Show them how to reload more staples in the gun. It's better they learn how to do this on a sunny day, so they will be better equipped to do the real thing under stress during a storm. Remind them that the safe way to use candles is by keeping them far away from anything that they might ignite, such as drapes, and use sturdy bases to hold them. NEVER leave a lit candle unattended. This includes keeping them away from snooping pets. I have large candles that are encased in heavy glass. They are the same type as those inexpensive glass encased religious candles that you might have seen, only the glass is clear. These candles last longer and are safer to use than thin "dinner mood" candles. I am not a big fan of using candles but there may be an extended period of time where the loss of power to your home may force you to use candles when your battery operated lights have been depleted. All of the items that are listed above can be stored in a large plastic bin with a snap-on cover. These storage bins can be purchased at any "Walmart", "K-Mart" or any hardware or discount store. Keep your family's "home bag" in a dry, cool location. Every year replace all the batteries and food/bottled water in your "home bag". It's a small price to pay for peace of mind.
STAYING IN YOUR HOME
If your family is remaining at home (also called "Sheltering In"), make sure they know enough to always keep doors and windows on the first floor locked. Never allow anyone entrance into your home unless it is a uniformed police or fire official, they show ID and they drive up in an official car. Never allow a child to answer the door. There have been cases where robbers will try to force their way into your home under the guise of being an emergency official. Do not fall for that trick. If there are any elderly people living in your neighborhood, advise them of the same. At night if you have power, keep some sort of light on so it shows that there is some activity in your home.
During strong storms there will be an attraction to go to the window to look at what is going on outside. Most children, and some adults, are fascinated by this. Fight the urge to do so and remain away from any window. Windows shatter, as do eyes, from flying glass. A window can easily be replaced, eyes cannot. Keep all blinds closed as this will add to protection should something happen. The blinds will deflect most of the broken glass that might otherwise harm you. Remain on the ground floor because it will offer better protection during severe storms. You don't want to be on the second floor of a home during a storm and be struck by a falling limb that breaks through your roof. This is rare, but it can happen. During the spring, make sure to have any tree limbs that come close to your home properly trimmed by an expert. Limbs covered with heavy wet snow or coated with ice can be very dangerous if they snap during a windy storm and come crashing through a roof or window. Also make sure that they are trimmed away from your power lines, again by a professional.
Make sure that your family keeps a radio on so they can be alerted to any changing conditions of the emergency. In the case of a hurricane they can track it's path. In the case of wildfires they might be alerted if the wind direction changes and they have to evacuate. If you have a child of "middle school age", give them the responsibility of being a "reporter" by having them listen to the radio and write down any important details which may come up. This way, it will give them something they feel is useful to do and will help them pass the time with "busy work". Just make sure you also listen to the radio for the right facts, but don't let them know. Keep a special ear on any information during a wildfire. You might have to evacuate, but driving directly to a shelter might take you right into the fire's path if you don't know exactly where the fire has spread to. During a wildfire threat, mark on a map, based upon information from news sources, where the fire's coverage is so you can avoid it if evacuation needs to take place.
I hope you have learned that by properly preparing for an event it will lessen the impact it has upon you. If you are thinking that there is no need to develop a "home bag" for your family because your area is never visited by hurricanes then you are quite mistaken. There are other "like events" that can become just as threatening no matter where you live. A freak snowstorm could block the path from your home to the closest town. A mudslide might cut off your family from the rest of civilization. Tornadoes? Wildfires? Earthquakes? Spring thaw floods? Toxic chemical spills that happen on almost a weekly basis? As you can see, there are many threats above and beyond hurricanes that make it important that you build your family a home bag and keep it up to date.
The best way to protect your family is when they are armed with the most up to date information. After you have obtained the items to make your "home bag" and have trained your family members you can rest assured that they will be much better equipped to function when you are deployed with emergency communications duties.
The above information isn't only for families of emergency communicators, but also for EVERY family. Feel free to print out my suggestions and pass them to neighbors and friends as long as my byline remains intact with any copy.
SOME ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO LIVE IN HURRICANE PRONE AREAS:
Might I suggest that if you live in an area, such as Florida, any Gulf Coast Area and the Carolinas, where there are constant threats from hurricanes, that you take two preventive measures which might save you from heartache. Neither suggestion will make your home "hurricane proof" so when there is a call to evacuate GET OUT!!! It will, however, greatly improve the chances that you will have a house to come back to. (GET OUT EARLY BEFORE THE WEATHER GETS TOO BAD OR THE STREETS BECOME JAMMED WITH CARS!! IF THERE IS SEVERE WEATHER, DO NOT DRIVE THROUGH AREAS YOU KNOW FLOOD EARLY)
NUMBER ONE: In the Spring, get some 1/2 inch exterior plywood and pre-cut and label pieces which will cover each of your home's windows. On the exterior of your home install 6-8 lag screws per window perimeter that also have threaded "machine screw" ends so that when the time to secure windows arrives all you have to do is slip the pre-cut plywood (with pre-drilled holes that match up with the lag bolts) over the proper window and tighten them down with washers and wing nuts. (You can follow the same steps to protect any doors, such as glass sliding patio doors. If the door is too big, if possible, piece the plywood in horizontal sections.) This method of using lag screws into the window perimeter with machine threads on the exposed section of the hardware and washers with wingnuts makes installing and removing them easier than cutting plywood and nailing or drilling when the hurricane is bearing down on you. The boards can be stacked when not in use and can be stored just about anywhere. You may also wish to paint them with exterior paint so they last longer. By doing this, now, you won't be rushing to the lumber store just before a hurricane when plywood supplies might be depleted.
NUMBER TWO: We have all seen on television, or witnessed for ourselves, the damage a strong storm can do when it rips a roof right off a home like a sardine can being opened. In a great deal of cases this can be avoided. There are for sale galvanized brackets (also known as "hurricane straps") that when properly installed will hold the roof rafters (trusses) to the house. They cost about a buck each and the average size house will need about 80 of them. Most homes are built with the roof rafters just "toenailed" in place and the only real way the roof stays on is by it's sheer weight. Once a hurricane force wind gets the roof to lift, even a little, the momentum keeps the lifting action in force until the entire roof is ripped off. Using "primeguard"-type exterior screws (because nails tend to loosen under "storm stress") to mount these brackets in your attic, either by yourself or by a professional, the chances of your roof being ripped off will be greatly reduced. If you have a NEW home built, insist that these brackets be installed on EVERY roof rafter.
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The emergency communications organization you are a member of may have a special team that will travel to other areas of the state or country to render emergency communications assistance. These "Drop Teams" are composed of several very experienced radio operators who are equipped with special longterm personal and radio equipment caches of equipment, food and structures that allow the team to be placed anywhere to set up or support any agency during an emergency. They might be called upon to assist in the aftermath of a hurricane or earthquake. Another reason their support would be requested is in the case of a wide-area search and rescue operation. These operators are a special breed of communicators. They are all in good physical condition, have worked well as a team, know how to survive under "rustic" long term conditions and have constantly trained for this type of venture. Sometimes at least one or more of them will have a higher class license than technician class. This will allow them to set up HF, "high frequency", stations for long range communications. Drop teams have been very useful on islands that have been ravaged by hurricanes or areas that are not covered by vhf/uhf repeater service. Usually the only communications after a severe hurricane has been by amateur radio operators. Other teams have reported for duty during emergencies such as the search for space shuttle debris in Texas or a child lost in a national park. These are wide-range searches and involve many volunteers who may be out in rural areas for extended periods of time so it's a plus if they have camping skills. These teams are NOT people in charge of an emergency, rather they follow the orders and requests of the local emergency communications group or local officials. If you feel you would be a good candidate for this type of service, talk to your emergency communications group to learn more about becoming a member of a "Drop Team". I have included a detailed series about developing a jump team (from scratch) later in this book.
SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS:
Amateur radio operators are often called upon to join search and rescue efforts whenever someone is missing or when a search for someone or something over a widespread area is required. Most often, these events involve searching rural areas of the country. People getting lost in national parks need to be found quickly or they may suffer from dehydration or hypothermia. Usually you will be called up for activation by your emergency communications group who will have received a specific request to help. You'll report to a staging area and will be given grid maps that outline the search areas and the pattern to cover. Depending upon the situation, the total area to be searched could cover hundreds of square miles so you must be prepared to be out in the field for a long period of time. Camping type skills are required for larger rural searches.
Make sure you are prepared in case the weather turns colder or rain develops. You will be searching in teams with at least one radio operator in each team (you). Make sure you have all the area repeaters in your radio's memory and BRING THAT J POLE. Large coverage repeaters will be used and there may be several in use for this event so again, make sure you have them all in your radio. Bring plenty of water so you don't become part of the problem. Listen carefully to the search coordinator and your team leader as they probably have experience in this type of search. Someone in your group will hopefully be using a GPS unit so your exact location will always be known. While you are searching, remember that if you come across evidence, do exactly as you were instructed, whether it be marking the area or bagging the evidence.
FOLLOW ALL PROCEDURES. LISTEN TO THE ADVICE OF THOSE WHO HAVE DONE THIS BEORE AS EACH SEARCH WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE LAST AND FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE COUNTERY. Be prepared and wear comfortable shoes/boots as you will be hiking for a long period of time. If in really mountainous or wooded areas, dress for the part. It will not be a Sunday walk in the park. Be wary of snakes, spiders and scorpions. Bring your "go bag" as a backpack as this will make it easier to carry as you travel. Make sure you have enough battery power for both your radio and flashlights. Insect repellant and antihistamine (for insect bites) are two very important items to pack. BRING A COMPASS. BRING A COMPASS. BRING A COMPASS. DO NOT volunteer unless you can physically handle the assignment.
URBAN SEARCH TEAMS:
Not all search and rescue events will take place in rural areas. There may be times where your emergency communications group will be called out to search for a missing child or an elderly adult in an urban area. A citywide search requires just as much manpower and preparation as a rural search. Usually city searches will require many two-person teams. Knowledge of the area within a city is just as important as the knowledge of rural terrain. You must come prepared with maps that are sectioned off in grid search patterns much like in a rural search. In a citywide search there will be many more places to check per grid section than in a rural open terrain so it can make things much more difficult. Usually these grids are blocked in smaller sections than those in rural settings. This is due to the fact that building searches can take a long time and expend a great deal of physical energy. Hi-rise buildings with their many stories and malls with hundreds of stores are a search team's nightmare. Malls, with their many entrances and large parking areas, require several search teams. The only plus will be that you probably will be using one local repeater so you will never be out of range except for the short duration that you might be in a building which obscures your signal. Rural searches depend upon several repeaters and communications can be difficult.(So in a rural search don't forget that J pole) If your grid search area involves a mall, ballpark or some similar area, make sure that as soon as you enter the mall (or stadium, etc) you report straight to the security office and discuss your search with them. Remember that you are their guest so treat them with the proper respect. They will be a tremendous help. Leave with them any details or descriptions of the missing person and a photo (or one they can photo copy) if you can spare it. When you enter any large department store within the mall report to their store security office with the same goals in mind. You'll find them to be very helpful.
IN BOTH CASES, make sure you leave them a phone number to call if they should locate the missing person or need more information. Many eyes are better than a few, so depend upon their assistance. Another possible place to encounter a missing person within a mall, especially an adult with Alzheimer's, is the "food court" area. This is a familiar looking place that they probably have been to many times before. Alzheimer's patients look for familiar places so make a through search there. There are also security services that monitor the larger buildings within a city so do the same contact procedure with any security personnel you may encounter. Make sure that you inspect any area within a store or building that a missing person may be in. This includes all elevators, ALL men's and women's rest rooms, break rooms, loading and storage areas, dumpsters and closets. If you are not allowed in some of these areas have the store personnel check them. A confused or elderly person might easily wander into any of these areas and may go unnoticed by security.
A Kid’s Gotta Eat
We found one missing person just sitting in a library reading a book, so never rule out the obvious. Runaways tend to gravitate towards friends homes and malls so at any point they may also show up in those "food court" areas (a kid's gotta eat). If you locate a missing child in an urban environment and they are with an adult, it is NOT your responsibility to physically "rescue" the child. Since child abduction is a growing problem, and most times the child may be taken by another family member because of some dispute, you need to use your radio to contact the net control operator and tell them of the exact location of the child, a description of the adult and any additional information net control may request. Net control will then inform the police of the location of the child. Keep a very close eye on the child until the police arrive to question both the adult and the child. (You might also have a case of mistaken identity with the child in question. Most police department personnel have had extensive training in dealing with child abduction cases, identification and rescue.)
TO CLICK OR NOT TO CLICK:
We all like to document amateur radio's involvement in both public service events and during emergencies by taking photographs. If you are at a post during a public service event, there is no harm in taking a few pictures as long as they do not focus on one person. "Crowd scenes" that give an overall view of the public service event and your communications operation are fine. Have someone take a picture or two of you in action with radio in hand and the event in the background. During an emergency it is another story completely. DO NOT take pictures in any shelter or at any event scene. When I was deployed at the incident command center (at "ground zero") during the World Trade Center disaster my "disposable" camera remained in my go bag during the entire event. If instructed by the officials in charge of a search and rescue operation you may take photos within their guidelines. Again, NO pictures of shelter clients. Leave those to the press. There are both legal and moral issues involved. We are there only to show our communications support. Taking pictures of people at a shelter only capitalizes on their plight. You can, however, take a picture of your station setup (with you in an operating pose) at a shelter as long as no clients are in the picture. This type of photo will be welcomed when your organization talks to served agencies about our support.
Terrorist Event Preparation
Before I discuss, in terms of equipment, preparation for supporting emergency communications during a terrorist event, I wish to talk about mental and emotional preparedness for such disasters:
Mental preparedness is just as important as proper communications training. Most amateur radio operators can learn how to properly use a radio or be taught to set up a communications post when deployed during a natural disaster such as a hurricane or manning a shelter due to flooding. However, we must remember that during a terrorist event it is quite a different matter. When there is a hurricane, it is easier to track the hurricane's path and predict what might lay ahead. We can set ourselves mentally and emotionally for what may happen during a natural disaster. The same cannot be said during a terrorist incursion. The first terrorist event quite possibly may lead to other strikes in ways which cannot be readily forseen. When we are asked to deploy, will the information we are given be accurate? There have been greater instances of mis-reporting during terrorist attacks, both here and abroad, than the reporting of efficient, true facts. Facts that we would need to know and work with to in order to complete our communications obligations and at the same time have our emotions in check.
The one event I have spoken about before involves a "one-point" terrorist act that evolves into a "multidimensional event". These are disasters that trigger or combine with weaknesses within an existing area that will result in a "super event". An example of a super event that might occur is if due to a terrorist attack on a commerical jetliner we are called out for the possibility of a crash at or near a local airport. So, we prepare mentally, emotionally and equipment procurement with the idea that our deployment would be for an event not unlike a crash due to equipment malfunction. Fire Departments and Rescue groups train for this type of crash all the time. However, let's say that this plane crashes during an emergency landing at San Antonio Airport in Texas. Depending upon it's direction and altitude, during such a crash it might clip or hit the chemical tanker cars that Union Pacific routinely has parked on it's tracks which parallel along Wetmore Avenue and are adjacent to the airport. I have read some of the chemicals in these tankers. Their contents are very scary. Let's say the plane attempts a landing but crashes into these tankers releasing their contents. The plane, as it crashes, continues another 300 feet. At that point it might hit the aviation fuel stored in large tanks at the outer perimeter of the airport where other planes (delivery services, etc.) are also parked. So, in this one terrorist crash event the plane ruptures dangerous chemicals from the tanker cars, hits the volatile aviation fuel and sparks a tremendous fireball that ejects toxic fumes from the chemicals into the air. This "super event" would mean the evacuation of tens of thousands of nearby residents and businesses.
Without the mental toughness to perform and improvise under such changing and stressful situations, you could easily withdraw into an "emotional shell" and become shut off from what needs to be done. If this happens, it would cripple your ability to be an effective communicator. You need to remain calm and focused even when parameters change. In remaining calm and acting as a communications professional it will make those around you feel more secure in the outcome and even in how they perform their tasks.
I repeat: Always remember that during a terrorist event, the emphasis on a particular priority might quickly shift to another level, pace or place. As another, but this time true example: During the WTC disaster at "Ground Zero", we were in the midst of what would have been called a search and rescue operation, at the same time wary that an additional terrorist strike might take place. This induced a double-edged stress level. Then, the situation changed because it was determined that there was a hazmat threat caused by all the chemicals discharged when the buildings fell, such as hundreds of gallons of battery acid and tons of freon, etc. The situation might become even more amplified due to the possibility of these chemicals combining to form even more lethal compounds such as mustard gas. This quickly added to our already high stress level. Still another threat was also revealed a bit later when it was discovered that one of the buildings housed medical waste so there were bio-toxins that could have easily been released in the air by the fires within the building. Again, another stressful situation piled on top of the basic operational stress. As you can see, emergency operations can easily shift to a different level and with that change so would you in order to meet the extreme needs of the mushrooming event. Prepare to be flexible. Think ahead. Could you re-deploy quickly to another location? Would you have enough supplies and equipment to cover any additional needs? Are you able to fight off the increased pressure to do your job in the midst of changing events?
Dealing with, and working through, these additional threats can test the metal of us all. (By the way, many of us who were deployed at "Ground Zero" during that time have since developed what is being called "WTC Cough" which was an unforseen effect from breathing in the dust particles at the site.) However, do not expect such an involved event to be thurst upon you should the unlikely possibility occur that you are asked to deploy for a terrorist event. Also, be aware that usually terrorist events are spotty at best and not wide-scale due to the limited resources of terrorists and the limited number of "followers", but it can happen. And how does one cope during any terrorist act and at the same time supply emergency communications support?
No one can give you a present of "mental toughness" nor can all of us be expected to face the full impact in the aftermath of a terrorist attack along with it's endless combinations of additional evolving complexities. To be faced with a terrorist event means the possibility, although very slim, of seeing destruction close up and often mentally equating the victim's plight to the possible plight of our own family and friends. The temptation to personalize this type of tragedy must be avoided at all costs. Do not waiver from the reason you are there: Supplying communications as part of a team that is responding to the event. Focus on radio and the important job you are preforming and not the sorrow. Try as hard as you can to direct your emotional energies towards doing your communications job as best as you can.
There are several ways to do this. One is to envoke the idea that this is actually a drill and that your skills are being tested. Another is to make a test of yourself by using a "personal points" approach. Give yourself mental points for each communications and direct communications-based observation you have properly made in an attempt to reach 100. This redirects your thoughts away from the ugliness and more towards your communications duties. Another way is to observe what others are doing and see how they are handling the situation. When positive things happen at the site, such as a rescue, rejoice in the fact that one more soul was saved and one more family, whom you will never meet, were also saved from permanent heartache. Not to be disrespectful, but sometimes even "breaking the mental ice" is needed by an occasional joke as long as it isn't event related. At the Incident Command Center during the WTC disaster, I was surrounded by police and rescue workers. When I spied a tray of donuts at the food area, out came my jokes about "cops and donuts". The police at the scene laughed at my comments. It helped release their stress and my own. Changing "mental gears" in this fashion will help you weather your deployment. Make sure that when you take a break at your deployment area that you have a book to read or crossword puzzles to attempt. Remind yourself that you have relatives and friends back at home who love you and will support you after your deployment is completed. Quite often the cure of any depression caused by a terrorist event is the release to your family and friends. By relating what you went through in the fulfillment of your communications duties you will unburden yourself and educate your family about what really transpired.
There is a very small, yet distinct possibility of seeing human remains in all types of degradation, such as those witnessed by rescue crews during a plane crash, especially if your deployment takes you to the triage area or incident command post. This does not mean that you will be charged with any responsibility of victim removal, but you may be faced with seeing this happen as you fulfill your communications duties. Some of us cannot tolerate such scenes. This won't be a television show. It will be real life with real victims. Many emergency service people, such as fire/rescue, have learned to work beyond what they see towards a goal of helping those who might still be able to be saved. These are your neighbors whom you are helping. Your community and country thank you as they will benefit from your efforts.
Let's get away from developing scenarios about terrorism or listening to those who have. There are too many that are being thrown around by people who have no right to do so and no idea of what they are talking about. These are usually generated from the news sources whom are what I call "media terrorists". They want to sell papers or have you glued to the radio or television and will drag in any so-called expert to do so. Most of their reporting belongs more on a science fiction program rather than a news program. The actual facts about terrorism tend to be very boring and simple. One involves chemical or biological terrorism. If a terrorist wanted to kill tens of thousands of people, then chemical or biological attacks would not be the way to go. Any event involving either biological or chemical agents would require more money, manpower and product than any terrorist group can obtain for the results as theorized by "experts". As an example, the terrorist attack on the subway in Japan a few years ago was meant to kill thousands. It did not. And part of this plan was developed by chemical terrorist experts. Biological and chemical agents have either a short active lifespan, a small effective range or must be emitted in great quantities within a small, closed environment. Subway tunnels are designed to breathe. The ventilation system passes many more cubic feet of air than you might imagine. When someone on TV states that one drop of this or that could kill thousands, he is spouting theoretical jabber and not actual facts. These bio-chemical toxins normally won't work when it's freezing, they don't last long in hot weather and wind will spread it so thin it will lose it's effectiveness. You also have to either get it directly on you or inhale it for it to do any harm, so the best defense is to get out into the fresh air and wash any area exposed.
So, now let's go back to that original WTC "Ground Zero" problem. It is now quite obvious that the only people who might have become ill due to the rogue chemicals combining and becoming airborne were those who were in very close proximity (within 100 feet or so) if toxic compounds or gases had been uncovered. Just the fact of being several hundred feet away, most of us were not in danger. If we had known that, then our stress would not have been as great. We were ill informed during the event. Had some of us known the real conditions, that the possible exposure area was very small, then people would have not been scurrying around looking for full face masks and could have done a better job by not fearing. Instead, ill informed by "experts" at the scene when we were told poison gas could quickly cover several city blocks, we feared.
Let me give you one line about the anthrax scare right after 9/11:
During the period in which one person died each week from anthrax, about 400 times that amount died from flu-related ailments around the country. Again, too much press giving too much wrong information in order to get you to buy their newspapers.
OK, a few more words about anthrax: Forget all the theories spouted by would-be experts and look at some cold, hard facts. Things that really did happen. During the "cold war days" there was an accident at a bioweapons plant in a place called Sverdlovsk (since re-named Ekaterinburg) USSR in 1979. This represented a release of hundreds of millions of anthrax spores into the air. More than any terrorist group could ever wish to obtain. Even though the local population was not notified, out of a city of over ONE MILLION only 66 people died. These were mainly plant workers. And this was at a location that made the stuff, no where near a place where most of us live. Many studies have shown that large amounts of anthrax must be inhaled for someone to become infected. Once the anthrax spores have been released into the air they do become a threat, especially if they are in a building with a closed ventilation system. If you are ever in a building that has been threatened by some anthrax scare, if you can't evacuate the building as soon as possible such as due to a power outage that stops elevators, open every window even if you have to break them. Out in the open air anthrax spores follow a very narrow path in the direction the wind is blowing. Once they hit the ground they stay there and are no longer a threat to being inhaled. So as a wide-scale terror weapon they fall far short of actually infecting a large population.
Terrorism is meant to disrupt, not kill. It is meant to make us feel vunerable. It is the irresponsible reporting and rumors that actually develops fear within us. When we are better informed, we fear less. And when we fear less, we can do our job more effectively.
Equipment Preparation For A Terrorist Event
I am going to discuss a slightly different concept when you are deploying for emergency communications support during a terrorist event. In part 2 of this series, under section 7, I detailed items you should have during a deployment during a natural disaster ("What To Have Before You Go") and why each item is needed. It was a lot of "stuff"! Your equipment needs during a terrorist event will be almost identical to those listed. Almost. The biggest exception will involve "deployability". Up until the World Trade Disaster, it was very easy most of the time to quickly deploy using your car by merely driving to your site, parking and getting half the world out of your car to set a station up. Since that time, however, things have changed.
Due to the nature of terrorism it has become much more difficult to deploy by bringing in so much gear or even driving up to some sites in a car. There may be a security perimeter around your deployment area which will prevent you from driving too close to your duty site. This, of course, is if you are asked to deploy at a forward post and not at an evacuation center set up at some school. You might even have to travel to your duty site using transportation specifically designated, as was the case during the World Trade Center disaster when we were deployed using white unmarked vans. If either be the case, and you cannot use your own vehicle to deploy close to your duty site, you must make a determination of what basic items you will need to bring and what might have to be left in your car. If you've carefully read what to bring during a natural disaster you'll agree that there's not enough space to store all the gear and personal items listed into a back pack, hike it on your back and walk a distance to reach your post. And some of the items are not necessary. An example: Why bring flat fixer when you are being transported to your post by another vehicle?
Most of us probably use a large plastic storage bin, with a snap on cover, with the idea being that we can simply load it into the trunk of our car and off we'd go. (Don't forget to have a small, fold up rolling hand cart as it may be a ways to transport your bin to that evac shelter) Well, this "storage bin principle" still remains a feasible idea in most cases. HOWEVER, we need to do one more very important thing which for most will be a new concept. Let's regress to the "back pack" idea and adapt it. What you need to do is section off your plastic storage bin using a LARGE back pack that will act as a divider. Place into the back pack just the very basic equipment and items that you think you'll need during a terrorist event deployment. The other items (secondary items such as that flat fixer, etc) should be stored outside of the back pack, but still in the bin. This way, if you find yourself going to a deployment post which suddenly prohibits you from driving directly to the site you can slip that back pack out of the bin and you are set to go! This enables you to have a quicker deployment than having to stand there and choose what to bring and what to leave behind. Remember that you may have to hike a bit to get to a post, so don't over do it with what you feel you need to bring.
Ok, so what should go in that large back pack?
Mind you, this is when you need to deploy with only what you can carry!
Don't forget any IDs and your ham license.
(Deploying to an evac shelter will probably be the same as deploying during a natural disaster, the list below will be if you need to deploy closer to "harm's way")
DO OR DIE ITEMS:
These are items you need to first consider when packing your equipment and supplies.
1. A high visibility vest (orange) (If you deploy to an area that has limited visibility due to time of day, weather or dust, you'll want to be seen)
2. A particulate respirator (full face, including your eyes) for events which might expose you to ash, etc. as during a heavy wildfire if you deploy close to the fireline. Purchase one that makes a good seal around your face. I like to use petroleum jelly around the seal. This allows it to bond better around your face. Usually you will not need this, BUT, you should have it with you.
3. A chemical/biological full face respirator for terrorist events in case you are deployed close to the incident (wind direction does change) Purchase one that makes a good seal around your face. I use a NATO approved full head mask. Usually you will not need this, BUT, you should have it with you in case your tour is changed and you find yourself deployed very close to the incident.
4. A zip-up nylon wind breaker with a hood. Again, you may never use this but you need to have it. This offers quick protection should winds change and you find yourself in the "down wind" area.
5. Communications Equipment:
Depending upon the event and what your wallet will allow, it's good to have and be fully experienced in deploying: A "high power" (5 watts or more) Two Meter HT with a gain whip antenna (over 15 inches long) and a roll up "J Pole" antenna with cable and adapter. Bring enough power, in the form of batteries, to operate up to 3 full days without worrying about either recharging or replacement. Gel batteries, 7ah or greater, do a great job. Make sure they are fused and you have the proper cord to plug them into your radio. Bring extra fuses. Also have a charger (wall wart) for them. Just to make sure (if you are lucky enough to be able to operate from an area where you can plug into your car) bring that mobile radio, fuses and a GOOD mag-mount antenna. You also might wish to check out: "Telescoping J HYPERLINK "/alonestaryank/selfj.html"Pole For Emergency Use" OR better yet, my newest "W2IK VHF/UHF Deployable Antenna System" which stores in a tube that is light and under 48 inches, yet deploys to 16 feet! If you know you will be deployed at a location which has AC power, such as at an evac shelter, bring that mobile radio, light weight switching power supply (with spare fuses) and a roll up J pole antenna.
Changing Power Configurations
At the start of any event, it may be a while before generators or AC power can be bought into a forward location such as a triage area or the incident command center. If conditions change your net control op should be notified so that if relief communicators are deployed to your location they bring the right equipment. Usually this will mean that there will no longer be a need to depend upon battery power. As with all your radios, bring a copy of either it's operations manual or a "cheat card" which lists in simple steps how to program your rig. You might also wish to include a speaker mic with your HT. Make sure you have a complete listing of whatever frequencies/off sets/tones you will be using during your deployment.
Here is a list of other items that you should include in your "go-bag" back pack. All are important:
1. a simple first aid kit
2. your own prescription and non-prescription medication (for headache and pain relief, I use ORUDIS KT, found next to the aspirin at drug stores) Antihistamine for allergic reactions. (Have at least 3 days supply of your prescription meds)
3. throat lozenges and mints or gum
4. reading glasses (if you need them)
5. several pens and markers
6. a lighter
7. "handi-wipes" or "baby wipes" a medium size plastic re-sealable box (I would have killed for this when I was constantly being covered in dust at WTC "Ground Zero")
8. insect repellent (either a small spray or wipes)
9. "power bars" (at least 10) and other food items such as a few MREs - these can usually be bought at either a decent camping supply store or online.
10. bottled water (6) /juice
11. salty snacks (especially in hot weather)
12. toilet items, including toilet paper (if you forget this, you'll regret it)
13. extra appropriate clothing for the time of year (including hats)
14. rain parkas (either bright yellow or orange.. one time use that can be discarded)
15. a local map (don't depend on your EMCOMM group to supply enough for everyone)
16. work gloves
17. at least 4 pairs, maybe more, of disposable gloves (latex type)
18. chapstick - not only for dry lips, but also to protect them against any particulates
19. collapsible cup (keep this wrapped in plastic until needed)
20. flashlight with spare batteries
21. watch or clock (I use either a pocket watch or small travel clock because if you deploy at a location where there are particulates in the air you don't want them irritating you if they get between your wrist watch and your skin)
22. duct tape--- You'll use this
23. Electrical Tape
24. Extension power cord (medium duty, at least 25 feet)
25. Asst. hand tools (a mini-VOM would be nice)
26. Swiss-Army type knife
27. Cash for pay phone or to buy additional items at a local store if possible
28. A deck of playing cards (trust me) or puzzles or a good book
29. Trash bags (these can be used to protect gear, personnel and for trash)
30. Several small, clear plastic "zip-lock bags" (putting your HT in one will allow you to operate in the rain without fear of it being damaged)
31. A medium spiral-bound note book, such as a steno pad, so you can document info and messages sent with a time/date next to each. VERY IMPORTANT! Spiral bound so the pages will be kept intact for future reference.
32. Eye protection in the form of goggles such as those used by tradesmen
Make sure that at the end of your deployment you replace any expendable items you might have used. (water, MREs, power bars, meds, etc) This way you will be ready to re-deploy should they require your skills at another location during the event. If you used an HT with battery power, make sure that your battery sources are recharged. Make any corrections to your collection based upon what you might have learned during your first deployment.
ALSO MAKE SURE THAT YOU INFORM YOUR GROUP OF ANY SPECIAL NEEDS OR SITE PROBLEMS SO YOUR REPLACEMENT CAN PROPERLY DEPLOY WITHOUT RUNNING INTO THOSE SAME PROBLEMS.
COPING WITH THE UNEXPECTED
As much as we'd like to think we are trained and prepared for any emergency which might require our communications skills, there will be times that test both the limits of our knowledge and equipment capabilities. When this happens, we either adapt or fail.
When you deploy to even a "simple site", such as an evacuation center which was opened due to a hurricane, you'll need to not only find a location to set up your station, but you'll also need to make plans should your initial area become unusable such as if a window breaks or flooding makes it impossible to use. So it would be wise to inspect the building for a secondary location. Try to find such a location which requires little change in your station set up. By this I mean you should find another spot which will allow the easiest erection of your antenna and still remain close to where you are needed.
When I was deployed at WTC "Ground Zero" I had to set up my station on the third floor of the building being used as the Incident Command Center. This was not by my choice, but by necessity. The street level was in an area which we call an "rf hole" because all of the metal buildings surrounding the area impeded signals at such a low elevation. The second floor was being used as a debriefing area. Although I hated my location, it was the only close area which I deemed usable. You probably won't be faced with this type of hardship when you deploy. It is merely an example of to what lengths you might have to go to get your signal out. In retrospect, if I had a long run of coax it would have made a world of difference as I could have had my radio down on the first floor with my antenna on the third level. If I ever have another "downtown" city deployment, I'll remember to bring that extra run of cable. I suggest you do the same.
Going back to that evac center you'll probably man during a natural disaster... Usually you'll be located in either a church or a school gym. Gyms are notorious for blocking signals due to the metal within the framework and the metal roof. This is why that roll up "J Pole" antenna becomes so important. In the beginning of an event, you might deploy to a school and locate in their gym. You might also find that your HT with that 17 inch antenna works just fine to get you to the repeater your group is using. BUT, what happens if that repeater goes "off line" due to a lightening hit, power surge or loss of power? Would you be able to hit that backup repeater, or even communicate using simplex, with that HT alone or would you need a better system? This is where that "J Pole" comes in handy. It will save you an embarrassing moment when you lose communications and can't quickly get back on the air. So, while you are in that evac center, it would be wise if you made mental plans on where to hang that "J Pole" (away from metal frames, etc) should the need arise when you need to switch antennas. The more professional we handle a situation the better amateur radio looks to the public and those groups we support.
So now we have covered a basic concept regarding antennas and getting your signal out should conditions change. So, what else could go wrong? The next biggest problem would be maintaining adequate power to operate your station. Don't think that there will always being AC power at any location. Let's face it, if there were we'd probably not be needed as the phones would work as well as the lights. However, at any moment power might be disrupted plunging your center into darkness. Usually there are emergency lighting systems that would kick in and supply limited illumination. But what about that radio of yours? You might have only a mobile-type two meter radio which you'd be using along with a power supply. Well, when the power goes out, so would your radio. Did you bring any backup system? What if you are in a fringe area and although your 50 watt radio worked well you can't raise a peep with your backup 5 watt HT even with a "J Pole". You have two choices, one of them is NOT an option. Not matter what, you CAN NOT leave your post. The one remaining choice is to get power from some other source.
There are several ways to accomplish this. One would be to park your car as close to the building as possible, even if you have to park on a sidewalk near the building, and operate from your vehicle. After all, this is an emergency situation. (If you use this option, make sure you tell net control and your shelter manager of your changed situation and that you will be making frequent "trips".) Another way would be to run a short DC cable off of your or someone else's vehicle and run it into the building through a window or door. Make sure that the line is fused close to the battery and that the wires don't get pinched. This isn't the best option as you could run into problems with your radio shutting down due to a power drop from running a long DC cable. Still another alternative is that hopefully the building you are in has a limited capacity generator that you can mooch power from. So, depending upon which tactic you decide to use, you'd need a long, fused, DC cable or an extension cord to get you back on the air. But wait! There is another simple option: Bring with you to your deployment location a deep cycle marine battery that can be taken out of the trunk of your car and placed into service should there be a loss of power. Just don't give up. Find a way to get back on the air!
Tactics and Techniques
OK, so now you have some ideas about what to do should you lose power or signal conditions change. What else can happen during a deployment? Here is something that actually happened a few years ago: I was called out and asked to deploy at an elementary school to supply communications during a wildfire event. It was a small school so the center was a bit crowded. I found a place to set up my station in an office right near the lunch room which was where the evacuees stayed. No sooner did I get my station running and report in to the net control op when I got instructions for the shelter manager. We had to evacuate the evacuation shelter because the fires had changed direction and were coming toward us! When I informed the shelter manager she became locked in a state of panic! Having been a Red Cross shelter manager myself, I looked on my trusty local map that I had with me and suggested that since there was an agreement between this school district and Red Cross that the shelter be relocated to the high school a few miles away and very much out of harm's way. Note that I only suggested, since it wasn't my call. All I did was remain flexible enough to offer another location that I knew would fit the bill. She agreed and within several minutes the evacuation took place without any problems. Being "last out", I did put very large signs on the doors to the school posting the new shelter location. By doing all of this I increased the worth of our group as a support function. By giving an option, instead of just being a "radio hugger", the situation was easily resolved. By this example, let it be a reminder that you should seek options before any changing event becomes critical. In this way you become a more valuable asset both to your group and your community.
Thinking on your feet beyond your training
Sometimes your worth is in your ability to improvise beyond communications. Such a challenge confronted one shelter I was assigned to following the first several days of the World Trade Center disaster. When I volunteered for redeployment I was placed at a shelter in midtown Manhatten to supply communications on behalf of the Red Cross. In the midst of my duty, and by the lack of support by the Red Cross, this shelter had a problem with towels. Yes, towels. There were many stranded people who couldn't fly out of the airport and were being housed at several shelters. They wanted to wash/shower at this shelter as it was the gym complex in a high school. However, they soon ran out of towels to do so and all the requests that I relayed went unfulfilled. The situation became increasingly tense. So much that it was suggested that we pool our resources, AKA money, and have a Red Cross volunteer take the dirty towels to a Laundromat. This idea was rejected by the shelter manager for reasons I do not question as the shelter manager is the site "boss". When I had arrived at this location I took a mental stock of what was on hand. There were many things which had been donated to make life easier for the clients. (I say "clients" because they weren't really evacuees and besides this is what Red Cross calls any person seeking aid or shelter.) I saw that one local hotel had donated bathrobes and these robes were made out of terrycloth, the same as towels. I suggested that if they wanted to shower they could dry off using these robes as towels. The shelter manager agreed. Another problem solved due to "on site resource redirection".
A number of years ago I was airlifted via National Guard helicopter to supply emergency communications out of a medium size town in upstate New York. They had been cut off in every way from the outside world due to an ice storm. Talk about improvising! Talk about pressure! I was lucky enough to find some very helpful people who went out of their way to make sure my communications deployment was successful. We took turns siphoning fuel from trucks so the two generators could be kept running to supply lights, power to run the boiler system for heat and radio power at the local school which acted as a shelter and gathering place where news could be disseminated. Many of the local homes had wood stoves or fireplaces for heat, but there were some that did not and although many who didn't were invited into neighbor's homes, some opted to stay at the shelter. Since many people were hanging out in the area outside the school, I even suggested that if we had some empty 55 gallon drums we could get some heat from wood burning just like I'd seen in depression movies.(outdoors, of course) A few minutes later several drums were there, in place, fueled and lit. Neighbors who hadn't seen or talked to each other in a while were standing around these lit barrels trading stories and getting caught up on "local news". It made everyone feel as if it were one big winter block party! Everyone in the town contributed what they could to help their neighbors weather this event. I kept in constant contact, via 40 meters, to the state capitol, giving them updates, requests and getting news and answers to questions. After almost a week, the roads were again open but through it all I improvised whenever there was a problem which needed a solution.
Purists will say that you should be a communicator only. What nonsense. If you have what you would consider a valid suggestion which ranges beyond your communications duties I say bring up that suggestion in a friendly manner which conveys the feeling to others that "we are all in this together". However, it's not your call to make the decision. Don't interfere with the operations of any duty site, just point out possible options which might have been overlooked. During the stress of an event sometimes people in-charge are thinking about too many things to see that there might be a simple solution to a problem. Ever hear of the "Ferme Method"? This is basically a method by which a complex problem can usually be solved by breaking it down into smaller more manageable problems. In other words something which seems insurmountable can be taken care of by taking smaller steps towards reaching that larger goal.
FAMILY PREPAREDNESS
FAMILY - YOUR FIRST RESPONSIBILITY
EVERY FAMILY NEEDS TO READ THIS WEBPAGE
During an emergency, it is vital that your complete focus be on any task at hand. Before you should even consider becoming involved in emergency response, or if your business takes you away from where you live, you must make sure that your family can function at home without you. If this is not the case, if your family can not be comfortable without your support, you might be more concerned about your family's welfare back at home and this worry might cause undue stress if you are away on business or it might effect your ability to properly carry out your emergency duties.. The term "family first" is very important.
First, in order to allow greater security you must develop for your family what I call a "home bag". A "home bag" is a collection of items that your family might need to help them through an emergency situation while you are away. It will also make things easier when you are home with them. You must always bear in mind that a small, local event, such as a wildfire or river flooding, might easily expand and encompass a greater area lasting for a longer period of time. If you are away on an assignment, or just out of town, and your family has the proper supplies, information and family training, it will make your absence less stressful because you know they will be better prepared.
YOUR FAMILY'S "HOME BAG"
Some of the items I'd suggest you include in such a "home bag" collection are:
duct tape , at least two rolls. Duct tape has many uses from sealing things you wish to protect to preventing windows from shattering during a violent storm. You should tape a large "X" on each large window pane. Obtain several flashlights to use just for your homebag. (Nothing is worse than a flashlight with dead batteries because you used the light for everyday use.) I like using portable (camping) fluorescent lights because they use less energy for the amount of light they produce so their batteries will last longer. There is also an LED-type flashlight that recharges when you shake it. You can get either of these in the sporting goods department of any large store. Be sure to include several changes of batteries for each flashlight. (Buy them fresh, keep them stored in plastic bags in the event they leak. That stuff about freezing batteries so they'll last a lot longer is nonsense because the moisture condensation on the refrigerated batteries will form a small discharge circuit between the terminals) You will also need enough bottled water for at least 5 days, a battery-operated AM/FM radio with extra batteries, a roll of heavy plastic sheathing that you can cut and apply to any window area that does break, a heavy-duty staple gun with extra staples, canned or jarred food that needs no heating such as canned fruits, powdered milk, other non-perishable food such as "power bars", candles (use with extreme care and never unattended), a lighter and several boxes or books of matches, a disposable rain poncho for each family member (brightly colored so you can be seen in the dark by on-coming cars if your vehicle breaks down and you have to walk), basic hand tools such as a hammer, cutters etc, prescription and non-prescription medication (enough for 5-7 days), cash, in case your family needs to buy additional supplies and ATMs are defunct, a decent first-aid kit, a note pad (large spiral type), pens and markers, a battery powered digital clock , three rolls of 1000 sheet single ply toilet tissue and any supplies/food and food bowl/leashes for your pet.
Review the items you have collected with your family. There may be other items they might wish to include that will make them feel more secure. Perhaps a deck of cards or some games should be included in the event they have to evacuate to a shelter. The time spent in a shelter can be long and boring. They might need a book or cards to take their minds off what they think might be transpiring back at home. We call these things "comfort items" and they can go a long way in relieving some of the stress your family might experience.A list of contact phone numbers of other family members or friends. A local area and state map.
A REVIEW LIST OF "HOME BAG" ITEMS:
see above text for details on each item
duct tape
several flashlights with several changes of batteries
bottled water for at least 5 days
battery-operated AM/FM radio
heavy plastic sheathing
heavy-duty staple gun
canned or jarred food
powdered milk
"power bars"
candles
lighter or books of matches
rain poncho for each family member
hand tools
prescription and non-prescription medication
cash
first-aid kit
note pad with pens and markers
battery powered digital clock
toilet tissue
any supplies/food and food bowl/leashes for your pet
deck of cards
comfort items
a list of contact phone numbers
local area and state map
YOUR NEXT STEP
Each member of your family should also have on them at all times a list of phone numbers of friends, relatives and phone numbers of your local Red Cross, Salvation Army, and fire, police and rescue numbers along with quarters to use a pay phone. Develop a sequential list of places to stay (shelter) if the need should arise that they have to evacuate from your home. Also, you should plan an additional place to meet if an emergency develops in your area and you are located elsewhere and are unable to get home. This might be a relative's home or a friend who lives nearby, but not in your area. In the event of possible flooding, such as may be the case during a hurricane, severe spring thaw or a series of intense storms, make sure that each location you choose is above any flood range and can be reached without having to drive through any low-lying areas. Plan such a route and practice driving it. Make sure that your family's vehicle always has at least a half tank of gas AND that all adult members of your family know how to change a flat tire. Always keep a can of heavy-duty "flat fixer" in the trunk of your vehicle. Store both a local area and state map in the glove compartment and in your "home bag" so your family can locate any shelter, or home, if their own evacuation needs to take place. Buy and keep in your car a decent set of jumper cables and teach your family how to properly use them.
DON'T BECOME A VICTIM
(In more ways than one)
IF THE NEED TO EVACUATE SHOULD OCCUR, MAKE SURE THAT YOUR FAMILY KNOWS TO TAKE THEIR "HOME BAG" WITH THEM. They will need it. If they have to leave, make sure they lock up their house as tightly as they can and leave at least one light and a radio on (if you have power). Make sure they leave a note, IN A CONCEALED LOCATION that only family members know, so if any of your family returns home they know where the other family members are located. By keeping it in a concealed location, it will reduce the risk of any robbers spending a longer amount of time ransacking your home. If they think you are just down the street, when they hear a radio on, they might pass your house by. If they know you are in an evacuation center by reading some note you left on the fridge.... it's "Christmas time" for them. There are, I am sad to say, people out there who prey upon families during disasters. Not to sound commercial, but GE sells a good, self-contained motion sensing alarm system that is keypad controlled. It uses 4 "AA" batteries so no need to worry about power outages when you aren't home. It emits a VERY loud siren that will chase anyone out of your empty home. It sells for about 25 dollars and is well worth it. (GE "SmartHome" Keypad Controlled Motion Sensing Alarm) Mount the alarm eye-level on the first floor in a major "traffic area" such as the living room or hallway. Test it once a month.
During an emergency, teach your family that no matter how frightened they might become not to fall for "srories" that might be told to them by strangers. There have been cases where people try to persuade family members to give their home address so they can "drive by" and make sure your house is intact. What they really intend on doing is to rob your home, knowing that no one is there. Never give your keys, address or phone number out to anyone. The only exception is giving your name to verified emergency personnel at the shelter. And even then, use common sense. The Red Cross is covered by law and will NOT give any information to anyone, even the police. If your family does go to a shelter make sure that even their "small talk" with strangers doesn't lead a path back to harm them or their property. Also tell them never to give another person at a shelter medication, not even an aspirin. That is called "dispensing medication" and only a registered nurse or doctor can do that. Don't open yourself up for a lawsuit. If you do decide to go to a shelter, keep an eye on your children. It usually is a public place, such as a school, so they eventually will have to use the public restrooms. Make sure they don't go alone. Escort them AFTER asking a shelter worker to watch your personal items. Keep your valuables and keys with you at all times.
We are fortunate to live in a country that quickly rebounds from disaster so most of the time things will quickly return to normal. If there are children in your family it might be a good idea if the adult of the family group that is evacuating tries to make it appear as if it's either an "adventure" or a mini-vacation. In doing so it will help keep the children calm. Make time before you evacuate to have your children pick out their favorite toy or stuffed animal to bring with them. Some children feel more secure if they sleep on their own pillow, so bring them. Make sure you also bring changes of clothing, packed in a suitcase. This will lend to the illusion that you are going on a "vacation" and your children will be less stressed. (Don't forget the coloring books and crayons! And by the way, you might find coloring as good therapy for yourself.)
FAMILY TRAINING
You might also want to do some simple training with your family, such as taking them through the steps of covering a window with plastic sheathing and stapling it in place. Show them how to reload more staples in the gun. It's better they learn how to do this on a sunny day, so they will be better equipped to do the real thing under stress during a storm. Remind them that the safe way to use candles is by keeping them far away from anything that they might ignite, such as drapes, and use sturdy bases to hold them. NEVER leave a lit candle unattended. This includes keeping them away from snooping pets. I have large candles that are encased in heavy glass. They are the same type as those inexpensive glass encased religious candles that you might have seen, only the glass is clear. These candles last longer and are safer to use than thin "dinner mood" candles. I am not a big fan of using candles but there may be an extended period of time where the loss of power to your home may force you to use candles when your battery operated lights have been depleted. All of the items that are listed above can be stored in a large plastic bin with a snap-on cover. These storage bins can be purchased at any "Walmart", "K-Mart" or any hardware or discount store. Keep your family's "home bag" in a dry, cool location. Every year replace all the batteries and food/bottled water in your "home bag". It's a small price to pay for peace of mind.
STAYING IN YOUR HOME
If your family is remaining at home (also called "Sheltering In"), make sure they know enough to always keep doors and windows on the first floor locked. Never allow anyone entrance into your home unless it is a uniformed police or fire official, they show ID and they drive up in an official car. Never allow a child to answer the door. There have been cases where robbers will try to force their way into your home under the guise of being an emergency official. Do not fall for that trick. If there are any elderly people living in your neighborhood, advise them of the same. At night if you have power, keep some sort of light on so it shows that there is some activity in your home.
During strong storms there will be an attraction to go to the window to look at what is going on outside. Most children, and some adults, are fascinated by this. Fight the urge to do so and remain away from any window. Windows shatter, as do eyes, from flying glass. A window can easily be replaced, eyes cannot. Keep all blinds closed as this will add to protection should something happen. The blinds will deflect most of the broken glass that might otherwise harm you. Remain on the ground floor because it will offer better protection during severe storms. You don't want to be on the second floor of a home during a storm and be struck by a falling limb that breaks through your roof. This is rare, but it can happen. During the spring, make sure to have any tree limbs that come close to your home properly trimmed by an expert. Limbs covered with heavy wet snow or coated with ice can be very dangerous if they snap during a windy storm and come crashing through a roof or window. Also make sure that they are trimmed away from your power lines, again by a professional.
Make sure that your family keeps a radio on so they can be alerted to any changing conditions of the emergency. In the case of a hurricane they can track it's path. In the case of wildfires they might be alerted if the wind direction changes and they have to evacuate. If you have a child of "middle school age", give them the responsibility of being a "reporter" by having them listen to the radio and write down any important details which may come up. This way, it will give them something they feel is useful to do and will help them pass the time with "busy work". Just make sure you also listen to the radio for the right facts, but don't let them know. Keep a special ear on any information during a wildfire. You might have to evacuate, but driving directly to a shelter might take you right into the fire's path if you don't know exactly where the fire has spread to. During a wildfire threat, mark on a map, based upon information from news sources, where the fire's coverage is so you can avoid it if evacuation needs to take place.
I hope you have learned that by properly preparing for an event it will lessen the impact it has upon you. If you are thinking that there is no need to develop a "home bag" for your family because your area is never visited by hurricanes then you are quite mistaken. There are other "like events" that can become just as threatening no matter where you live. A freak snowstorm could block the path from your home to the closest town. A mudslide might cut off your family from the rest of civilization. Tornadoes? Wildfires? Earthquakes? Spring thaw floods? Toxic chemical spills that happen on almost a weekly basis? As you can see, there are many threats above and beyond hurricanes that make it important that you build your family a home bag and keep it up to date.
The best way to protect your family is when they are armed with the most up to date information. After you have obtained the items to make your "home bag" and have trained your family members you can rest assured that they will be much better equipped to function when you are deployed with emergency communications duties.
The above information isn't only for families of emergency communicators, but also for EVERY family. Feel free to print out my suggestions and pass them to neighbors and friends as long as my byline remains intact with any copy.
SOME ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO LIVE IN HURRICANE PRONE AREAS:
Might I suggest that if you live in an area, such as Florida, any Gulf Coast Area and the Carolinas, where there are constant threats from hurricanes, that you take two preventive measures which might save you from heartache. Neither suggestion will make your home "hurricane proof" so when there is a call to evacuate GET OUT!!! It will, however, greatly improve the chances that you will have a house to come back to. (GET OUT EARLY BEFORE THE WEATHER GETS TOO BAD OR THE STREETS BECOME JAMMED WITH CARS!! IF THERE IS SEVERE WEATHER, DO NOT DRIVE THROUGH AREAS YOU KNOW FLOOD EARLY)
NUMBER ONE: In the Spring, get some 1/2 inch exterior plywood and pre-cut and label pieces which will cover each of your home's windows. On the exterior of your home install 6-8 lag screws per window perimeter that also have threaded "machine screw" ends so that when the time to secure windows arrives all you have to do is slip the pre-cut plywood (with pre-drilled holes that match up with the lag bolts) over the proper window and tighten them down with washers and wing nuts. (You can follow the same steps to protect any doors, such as glass sliding patio doors. If the door is too big, if possible, piece the plywood in horizontal sections.) This method of using lag screws into the window perimeter with machine threads on the exposed section of the hardware and washers with wingnuts makes installing and removing them easier than cutting plywood and nailing or drilling when the hurricane is bearing down on you. The boards can be stacked when not in use and can be stored just about anywhere. You may also wish to paint them with exterior paint so they last longer. By doing this, now, you won't be rushing to the lumber store just before a hurricane when plywood supplies might be depleted.
NUMBER TWO: We have all seen on television, or witnessed for ourselves, the damage a strong storm can do when it rips a roof right off a home like a sardine can being opened. In a great deal of cases this can be avoided. There are for sale galvanized brackets (also known as "hurricane straps") that when properly installed will hold the roof rafters (trusses) to the house. They cost about a buck each and the average size house will need about 80 of them. Most homes are built with the roof rafters just "toenailed" in place and the only real way the roof stays on is by it's sheer weight. Once a hurricane force wind gets the roof to lift, even a little, the momentum keeps the lifting action in force until the entire roof is ripped off. Using "primeguard"-type exterior screws (because nails tend to loosen under "storm stress") to mount these brackets in your attic, either by yourself or by a professional, the chances of your roof being ripped off will be greatly reduced. If you have a NEW home built, insist that these brackets be installed on EVERY roof rafter.
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